Abstract: ob＜x＞jective To explore the trends of anxiety and depression during transplantation in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients and analyze their influencing factors, so as to fill the research gap and provide a reference for further development of interventions in the future. Methods Eighty-two patients proposed for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in two comprehensive tertiary hospitals in Xuzhou and Suzhou from December 2020 to November 2021 were selected as the study population, and general demographic and psychological data of the patients were collected using questionnaires and scales, and repeated measures ANOVA, generalized estimating equations and Spearman correlation analysis were used to the trend and influencing factors were analyzed. Results Patients’ anxiety levels slowly decreased throughout the HSCT period, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.001), and depression levels slowly increased and then decreased throughout the HSCT period, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.001); risk factors for patients’ anxiety during HSCT were religious beliefs (P=0.024) and depression (P<0.001). (P<0.001), risk factors for developing depression were gender (P=0.007), marital status (P=0.035) and anxiety (P=0.001), and protective factors for developing depression were age (P=0.018), monthly household income (P = 0.001) and religious beliefs (P=0.004); anxiety-depression scores at different times were negatively associated with patients’ psychological resilience, social support, and level of hope were negatively correlated (P<0.05). Conclusion The critical period for anxiety control is when the patient first enters the laminar flow room, while the myelosuppression period after undergoing chemotherapy is a critical period for depression control. Clinical nurses should strengthen the assessment of patients’ anxiety and depression during HSCT ba＜x＞sed on demographic characteristics, and a family-centered care model may be a new direction for psychological interventions for HSCT patients in the future.