Abstract: Objective: To compare the clinical effects and safety of percutaneous pedicle screw fixation and traditional open surgery for the treatment of a single segment thoracolumbar vertebral fractures . Methods:A retrospective study of 15 patients with thoracolumbar fractures without spinal cord or nerve injury from May 2014 to October 201 6, all of which were single segmental vertebral fracture and treated by percutaneous pedicle screw fixation. 15 cases of the same period in t he control group were treated by normally open reduction and internal fixation. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, length of hospital stay, radiographic vertebral height, kyphosis Cobb angle and the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores of two groups were compared between groups. Results: No patients suffered from postoperative infection, internal fixation loosening or breakage , nerve injury or other complications. There were significant differences in blood loss 、postoperative drainage and hospital stay between the two groups (t=19.069, P <0.0001; t=35.029, P <0.0001; t=10.394, P<0.0001) there were no significant differences between two groups in operation time (t=0.834, P＞0.05); Postoperative pain was significantly reduced in the group with percutaneous pedicle fixation, the VAS scores at firsr week and first month after operation of the minimally invasive group was 1.91±0.27 and 1.55±0.19 ; the scores of open reduction group was 2.81±0.37 and 2.31±0.30, ther e were significant differences between two groups (P <0.001), but no significant differences existed at 3th months after operation（P＞0.05）. The radiographic vertebral height and Kyphosis Cobb angle are recovered obviously after surgery , but no significant differences between two groups（P＞0.05）. Conclusions: Minimally invasive percutaneous pedicle screw fixation technology has the characteristics of less injury、less blood loss、less postoperative pain、quicker recovery, and it is an effective method for the single segment thoracolumbar fractures without neurological injury.