Abstract: ob＜x＞jective To investigate the relationship between the occurrence time of neutropenia caused by non-surgical treatment of lung squamous cell carcinoma （LSCC）and the prognosis of patients. Methods The clinical data of 290 patients with non-surgical treatment of LSCC were collected. The ROC curve was used to determine the optimal cutoff time for neutropenia. According to this optimal cutoff value, patients were divided into early group （group A）and late stage（group B）. group and non-appearing group（group C）. The clinical characteristics and survival time of the three groups of patients were compared, and the prognostic factors of the patients were analyzed using Cox regression model univariate and multivariate analysis. Results The optimal cutoff time for neutropenia was 36 days. The median survival time of patients in group A who received chemotherapy alone and concurrent chemoradiotherapy was 23 and 27 months, respectively, which was significantly higher than that in group B (16 and 20 months) and group C (11 and 17 months) (P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age, clinical stage, ECOG score, degree of differentiation, treatment modality and pre-treatment NLR were independent influencing factors for overall survival of patients with non-surgical treatment of lung squamous cell carcinoma. Stratified analysis by treatment method showed that the onset time of neutropenia was related to the prognosis of patients in chemotherapy alone and concurrent chemoradiotherapy, and the risk of death in group B and group C was higher than that in group A (HR=1.816，P=0.017)（HR=3.198，P<0.05）.Conclusion The occurrence time of neutropenia is an independent influencing factor for the prognosis of patients with lung cancer who received chemotherapy alone and concurrent chemoradiation. Monitoring the time of occurrence of neutropenia helps early prognosis of patients with lung cancer who received chemotherapy alone or concurrent chemoradiation Judgment and timely adjustment of chemotherapy dose to improve patient prognosis.