Abstract: ob＜x＞jective: To explore the clinical value of renal pelvis urine culture and stone culture in the diagnosis and treatment of infection after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).Methods: The data of 88 patients who underwent PCNL in our hospital from May 2017 to December 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. All patients underwent preoperative mid-stream urine culture, intraoperative renal pelvis urine culture and stone culture. The relationship between the culture results and postoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and septic shock was analyzed. Comparison between groups was done using c2 testResults: There were 88 patients, including 54 males and 34 females. Among them, 19 (21.6%) were positive in mid-stream urine culture and 14 (15.9%) were positive in renal pelvis urine culture / stone culture. The most common bacteria were Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis respectively. Among the 69 patients with negative mid-stream urine culture, 10 (14.5%) were positive in renal pelvis urine culture / stone culture. Thirty patients developed SIRS and five developed septic shock after PCNL. Compared with males, females were more likely to develop SIRS after PCNL (50.0%, 24.5%, respectively) (P=0.012). The positive rate of renal pelvis urine culture / stone culture in SIRS patients was higher than that in non-SIRS patients, which was 26.7% and 10.3%, respectively (P=0.066). In the shock group, 40% of patients had positive renal pelvis urine culture / stone culture, which was significantly higher than that in the non-shock group, 13.3% (P=0.027).Conclusions: The positive of renal pelvis urine culture / stone culture has more important predictive value for postoperative SIRS and septic shock. Routine renal pelvis urine and stone culture have positive significance for the diagnosis and treatment of infection after PCNL.