Abstract: This paper reviews the research progress on cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) over the past five years, focusing on the role of HPV infection, gene associations, DNA methylation, microRNA, transcription factors, and functional proteins in SIL. Although HPV vaccination can reduce the risk of disease, the low vaccination rate remains a challenge. SIL diagnosis and treatment should vary according to lesion grade, emphasizing new therapies and surgical standards to improve patient compliance. Future research should focus on molecular biology to refine pathological mechanisms and enhance awareness of HPV vaccination to effectively reduce the incidence of SIL.