Abstract: Objective To explore the relationship between hyperuricemia and renal function, providing a theoretical basis for the protection of renal function in individuals with hyperuricemia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 21,548 health checkup participants. The participants were stratified by age and gender. Stratified analysis, logistic regression, and dose-effect analysis were used to investigate the relationship between hyperuricemia and renal function. Results Among the 21,548 health checkup participants, 62.93% were male, with an age range of 20 to 90 years. The prevalence of hyperuricemia in the population was 6.57%, with 97.59% of cases in males and 2.41% in females. The proportion of individuals with low renal function was 15.78%, with 80.20% male and 19.80% female. Logistic regression analysis showed that age≥60 years (OR=2.344, 95%CI: 2.128-2.581, P<0.001), male (OR=2.696, 95%CI: 2.460-2.954, P<0.001), and hyperuricemia (OR=1.638, 95%CI: 1.443-1.860, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for low renal function. Dose-effect analysis showed that the risk of low renal function increased as blood uric acid levels rose. Conclusions Hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for low renal function. Stratification by gender and age indicates that those with blood uric acid levels over 280 μmol/L begin to show adverse effects on renal function. Young males are a high-risk group for hyperuricemia and should be a key focus for preventing renal function damage.