Abstract: Objective To observe the effects of nano-hydroxyapatite/bacterial cellulose (nHA/BC) on the osteoblastic differentiation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Methods Rabbit BMSCs were seeded on nHA/BC in vitro, and observed by live and death tests. Their proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay. Osteogenic induction medium was adopted for inducing the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. The osteogenic differentiation was observed by alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase staining. The expression of RUNX2 protein was detected by immunofluorescence. The expression of type Ⅰ collagen, osteocalcin (OC) and osteopontin (OP) mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. Results BMSCs grew well and steadily proliferated on the surface of nHA/BC. After induction, alizarin red and alkaline phosphatase stainings showed obvious characteristics of osteoblasts, and the expression of RUNX2 protein could be detected by immunofluorescence. RT-PCR results suggested that osteogenic marker genes such as typeⅠcollagen, OC and OP were obviously expressed. Conclusions nHA/BC scaffold can promote the adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rabbit BMSCs, which is a potential ideal scaffold for tissue engineering.